Chapter Outline Apush Ch.15 Essay Example

Chapter Outline Apush Ch.15 Essay Chapter 15: Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861-1865 Both North and South were ill prepared for war in 1861. Initially dependent on volunteers, the Confederacy established a draft in 1862, and the Union did so the following year. At first the South relied on imported arms and munitions but soon was able to produce its own. It had more trouble with clothing and food throughout the duration of the war. Financing the war was also a problem. Americans had been unaccustomed to paying taxes to the national government, but both sides had to end the tradition of hard money and minimal government by raising taxes, issuing war bonds, and printing paper money. Inflation was serious in the North and devastating in the South by 1865. The Confederacy was unified behind the goal of winning independence, but its apparent unity concealed divergence between extreme states righters and advocates of stronger central authority. On the Union side, the two-party system provided traditional channels for airing differences of opinion. As the war began, President Lincoln took steps to make Washington secure. Federal troops were sent into Maryland, pro-secession Marylanders were arrested, and the writ of habeas corpus was suspended. Three other border states, despite a wish on the part of many to maintain solidarity with the slaveholding regions, stayed within the Union. The Civil War has been called the first modern war. It depended on railroads, mass-produced weapons, joint army-navy tactics, iron-plated warships, rifled guns and artillery, and trench warfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Outline Apush Ch.15 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Outline Apush Ch.15 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Outline Apush Ch.15 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Confederacy had just 9 million people as compared with 22 million in the Union in 1861, and although the Confederacy had only a fraction of the industrial capacity of its opponent, the South was fighting in defense of its own homeland. The North had longer supply lines and the problem of occupying captured areas. It had to commit a greater proportion of its men away from the front than did the South, which could count on its slaves for labor. Most of the soldiers who did fight were volunteers from farms and small towns. Southern volunteers wrote of their desire to fight to preserve slavery. Initially Few Union soldiers voiced antislavery sentiments, but as the war progressed, northern soldiers accepted the need to free slaves, sometimes for humanitarian reasons, sometimes to achieve military goals. Most of those who fought shared a vision of military life as a transformative masculine experience. Yet expectations of military glory faded in the face of food shortages, poor sanitation, disease and crowding. Northern strategy in 1861 was to blockade the southern coast, to gain control of the Mississippi, and to take Richmond. Early setbacks for Union forces in Virginia led to a stalemate there. In the West the Union gained control over most of the Mississippi River by mid-1862. Along the coasts the superiority of the Union navy reduced almost by half the number of successful Confederate blockade runners by the wars end. The Confederacy hoped to gain recognition as an independent nation from France and Great Britain. But cotton diplomacy failed when substantial British stocks of cotton were supplemented by new supplies from Egypt and India. Moreover, traditional British reliance on naval blockades made the British reluctant to interfere with the Unions blockade. And British public opinion was antislavery. The war was fought to save the Union. The military value of emancipation became clear even to those northerners who had no moral qualms about slavery. Emancipation of all slaves under rebel control was proclaimed after the Unions success at Antietam, to take effect on January 1, 1863. The immediate practical impact was negligible, but it was a brilliant political stroke that transformed the war. It increased the slaves incentive to escape as northern troops approached, and soon the large numbers of freed refugees became a problem. Some joined the service, and by the end of the war, 186,000 blacks had served in the Union army, 10 percent of all Union soldiers. On the Confederate side, slaves increasingly shirked their duties or ran away as the Confederacy continued to depend heavily on slave labor. In the Sea Islands, black refugees took advantage of temporary reallocation of former plantation lands to form their own communities. By 1863 both sides were experiencing labor shortages, inflation, and dissension. With its superior resources, the Union met the challenge more effectively. Although the cotton-textile industry in the North was hurt, industries directly related to the war effortarms manufacture, ready-made clothing, and railroadsflourished. The Republicans in Congress were able to act on their idea of free soil, free labor, free men and passed the Homestead Act and the Morrill Land Grant Act. Nevertheless, workers suffered during the war as wages lagged 20 percent or more behind price increases. The Southern economy was totally shattered by the war, as railroads were torn up, food-growing regions were occupied by Union troops, and planters continued to try to raise cotton crops. Southern women were forced to revive home production of goods in short supply, but even that was hard to do as Union invasions turned women and children into refugees. As the war went on, dissent became a problem on both sides. In the North Peace Democrats, known as Copperheads, contributed to the volatile brew of political, ethnic, racial, and class antagonism that erupted into antidraft protests in several cities. Nevertheless, freedom of press, speech, and assembly was preserved for the most part and in 1864 the Union became the first warring nation in history to hold a contested national election. Although rising sentiment for the abolition of slavery encouraged feminists, and although women made substantial contributions to the war effort through their labor and through service as nurses, their efforts to secure the vote were not successful. In 1863 the Confederate thrust north to Gettysburg failed. The Union thrust south to Vicksburg succeeded. In 1864 Union forces devastated Georgia and South Carolina. The fall of Atlanta secured the election for President Lincoln. Union troops renewed their assault on Confederate positions in Virginia, and on April 3, 1865, they entered Richmond. On April 9 General Lee bowed to the inevitable. On April 14 President Lincoln was shot. He died the following day.

Wal Mart Essay

Wal Mart Essay Wal Mart Essay Case 4: Wal-Mart Stores Inc. June 2012 1. To what extent is Wal-Mart’s performance attributable to industry attractiveness and to what extent to competitive advantage? Wal-Mart can attribute most of its success to competitive advantage rather than industry attractiveness. As they expand their product lineup they bring themselves in to more and more competition with business already established in these fields such as grocers, pharmacies and other medical services. Additionally the market is already very saturated with very few untapped markets. Population growth in the US slowing and urbanization is increasing 1 may lead to their strategy of putting good sized stores into one horse towns running in to trouble as many of these one horse towns slowly cease to exist. This as I already alluded to would leave them in markets where their main competitors are established or establishing. When we compare certain financial indicators we find further evidence that the industry isn’t terribly attractive. The only thing that really sets Wal-Mart apart from its competitor’s numbers wise is its scale. It has gross profit margin is ~6% lower than ei ther target or Dollar General for both the years 2010 and 2011. Comparing other margins reveals similar results with Wal-Mart actually lagging behind their main competitors. Their current ratio is not quite 0.9 for both those years, another key area where Wal-Mart is significantly lagging. What Wal-Mart does have is some incredibly strong competitive advantages. Their immense size has allowed them to create economies of scale and gives them tremendous bargaining power over their suppliers too. As stated in the text, P&G derives 18% of their revenue from Wal-Mart yet their products are only 3% Wal-Marts revenue. Their sales forecasting techniques and EDI extended to all of their vendors make allow them to keep inventory on hand low and product mix finely tuned to the respective markets creating, as close as you can get in their business, just-in-time inventory management. This means that despite having more than 6 times the sales revenue of their nearest competitor they have only 5 times the inventory. Wal-Mart controls its own warehousing and distribution, an outcome of their original business model when they focused mainly on supplying small communities and developing that became a priority for them. It has yielded impressive results as they are a world leader in dist ribution logistics. It’s fair to say that what advantages they have are a result of competitive advantage but to what extent beyond scale are they really performing better than some of their main rivals? 2/3. In which of Wal-Mart’s principal functions/ activities do Wal-Mart’s main competitive advantages lie and what are the distinctive resources and capabilities in each of these functions/activities? Purchasing: Wal-Mart’s tremendous size allows them to lean on any suppliers and make them provide their products at as low a cost as possible. In fact many suppliers rely so heavily on Wal-Mart’s business that they have purchasing agents at the Wal-Mart HQ. This comes with the additional distinct advantage that the purchasing agent is isolated from his own organization possibly allowing the Wal-Mart executives to place additional pressure on them. It also gives Wal-Mart the ability to pressure their suppliers on environmental and labor policy. In short: All of their suppliers dance to their tune, a HUGE advantage. Warehousing and Distribution: In a word: efficient. Their enormous distribution centers rely on a hub and spoke system not dissimilar to the one in effect for airlines. They have optimized this system well enough that even returning trucks are 60% full on backhauls. The use of third party logistics means that they can operate on a five day cycle which is much faster than their competitors. Incremental improvements mean inventory turnover continues to increase and trucks are being packed more tightly. This begs

Sum up four readings about Social Protest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sum up four readings about Social Protest - Essay Example According to studies conducted by Adler and Mittleman (2004, p. 110), globalization protests are mainly about understanding s of the shifts in the world’s political economy. The protesters’ expressions are not necessarily same as the views of the ideological leaders. From these protests, the streets bear more fluid and latent attitudes in the baseline. Globalization protests present difficulties in generalizing when centring on a particularly specific event. In most organizations, interviewees have differentiated attitudes towards globalization protests. Participants in protests may be activists, officers, or ordinary members. Most participants in protests, influenced by the information gathered from the internet. The degree of participants ‘involvement in a protest is of more significance in the globalization protests. Moreover, pushing participants to make choices between the can obscure the important interconnections concerning protests. According to studies conducted by Adler and Mittleman (2004, p. 110), one of the attitudes of protesters is that the protesters are diverse according to their involvement in the global justice demonstration previously. Lack of ability of a protest movement in excluding violent participants, continues to minimize its effectiveness centrally to the states’ growing willingness to employ the respective tactics indiscriminately. In relevance to   Brooks (2004, p. 570), stated that, some of the goals of anti-globalization protesters are delaying talks concluding meetings without an agreement of building new rounds of the trade negotiations. The anti-globalization movement does not exclude the potentially violent factions and this may impede its ability in democratizing institutions of globalization via the tactic of the protest alone. Brooks (2004, p. 577) further noted that, the movement also employs democratic master frame and operates is more decentralized

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Art History - Essay Example Gauguin’s ia orana Maria (Hail Mary) of 1891 and Osamu Tezuka’s Astro Boy character derived from his popular manga series in Japan which was first released in the year 1952 but has been followed by a series of renditions over the years as the character grew more popular (Gordon 52). These two pieces of art can be said to be as different as they can get from one another and portray the various changes that have occurred in the world of art over the years. P. Gauguin, Ia orana Maria (Hail Mary), 1891. Astro Boy by Osamu Tezuka Cultural Context The cultural context of P. Gauguin’s painting is quite clearly based on the Christian religion as the name itself suggests and is based on the holy mother Mary and her son Jesus in a Tahitian setting. The angel on the left of the painting revealing these two characters to two onlookers (two women) further depicts the religious inspiration that was used to bring this piece of work into being. The garb won by the characters in the painting (that is, pareus which are made of cotton with printed design and is draped around the waist) also exhibits the traditional nature of the painting. The background shows no modern influence and focuses clearly on an inspiration from past events. The Astro boy art work on the other hand is very different from the first painting and depicts a largely transformed society from the one that individuals are used to where robotic boys flying around the place is the order of the day. The piece of art which was done years after P. Gauguin’s tries to display how the artist sees the future will be like. The background content depicting various other planets shows how high the main character (Astro boy) has flown thus in a way displaying the level of technology that will be in place at that time. Stylistic characteristics The stylistic characteristics that are used art works can also be used to define the category of the art work as well (Gordon 68). The first point of note t hat can be made is the material that was used in the creation of the art works. In P. Gauguin†s Ia orana Maria (Hail Mary), oil paintings and a canvas were the basic materials used while the creation of Astro boy’s image relied mainly on computer graphics and other modern technology. This can be seen in the various characteristics of both art works such as the lines, in the Ia orana Maria there is a smoothness and sense of curvature in the lines used to paint the characters while the lines in Astro Boys depiction are sharper and clearly structured giving it a more defined looked. The same goes for the colors in both illustrations as Ia orana Maria’s colors have a warmer tone as compared to Astro boy whose colors have more depth and are clearly defined from one another unlike the older painting which exudes a sense of blending in. The shapes are more defined in the Astro boy illustration as well thanks to the clearer lines used in the drawing. Subject matter The s ubject matter is another topic where these two pieces of art greatly defer from one another. Whereas in P. Gauguin’s Ia orana Maria the subject is based on religion shown by the depiction of the son of God and his holy mother, the Astro boy art is mainly based on the future and progressing technology shown by the depiction of a flying robotic boy. The older painting can be said to display a sense of the author’s beliefs while the second more recent art work can be said to di

Proposal Preparation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proposal Preparation Plan - Assignment Example hold the cohesive nature of the work thus ensuring that the broken points are successive, this facilitates the efficient completion of the work without instances of redundancy. Key among the components of a particular work breakdown structure is the scope of the project. This refers to the features of the project including all the activities that make up the project. The structure must detail all the features of the work thus providing a reliable blueprint in the completion of the work. Time is yet another essential component of the structure. As discussed earlier, the structure guides the operations of the project managers. As such, it must detail the timeframe for the project by providing appropriate durations for every aspect of the project. Timely completion of the broken-down features contributes to the timely completion of the entire project owing to the interrelation of the various components (Project Management Institute, 2006). Additionally, a work breakdown structure must show the budget associated with the completion of the task. The budget enhances the completion of the project since it avails adequate resources for the completion of a particul ar aspect of the work. The appropriateness of the budgetary allocations ensures the effective and timely completion of the work since it influences the availability of the related resources. Besides all the features described above, a work breakdown structure must name the individual responsible for the project. This enhances accountability, a fundamental feature that contributes to the success of the project. An aircraft system is a complicated system consisting of various components that must operates efficiently and independently albeit in unison. This ensures the success and efficient operation of the entire system. The graphical representation below portrays a broken down feature of the system showing a typical work breakdown structure in the maintenance of an aircraft system. The system presents a

Significant Impacts Of Iron Smelting Environmental Sciences Essay

Significant Impacts Of Iron Smelting Environmental Sciences Essay After having a clear idea about the project and its effects according to my considerations the following impacts are very important. The impacts are listed in the order of their importance:- AIR QUALITY The air pollution that will be caused by the plants is the biggest issue to be considered. The coke making process involved is responsible for large amount of VOCs (Volatile organic compounds) and carbon monoxide emissions. Further the working of blast furnace and the processes of casting and rolling are responsible for significant releases of nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides. The use of heavy diesel equipments, generators and vehicle movement will also contribute to air pollution. As the region experiences moderate winds the pollutants will be carried to the surrounding areas increasing the pollution to a large extent. It will adversely affect the local vegetation, surrounding grasslands and the native assai palm trees. The local temperature will also increase due to the industrial activity and decrease in vegetation. The greatest risk is on the local population which is already facing health problems and the cattle farming in the surrounding areas. The mitigation measures to be u sed for controlling the air pollution are not adequate for such a large project and require reconsideration. Classification of impact: LT, IR, D,(-), L and R. WATER QUALITY The Pequia River is the main source of water for the local population for drinking, cooking and other recreational activities. The waste water generated from the plants have large amount of contaminants, that require effective removal and treatment before it is disposed into the water body. The water quality of the Piquia River will be affected by the disposal of high temperature waste water from the ovens containing large amount of chemical compounds discharged into it. The soil in the area is permeable and has good drainage properties. These characteristics will allow the flow of solid wastes dumped at a site to flow into the ground water and the river along with the rain water. Thus, contaminating the ground water and the river water. No proper measures have been observed in the plan for calculating the quantity of waste water that will be discharged into the river. Moreover, it is being assumed that the palm trees on the river are good purifiers but they wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be affective if the pollution will be of such a large extent. Classification of impact: LT, IR, D, (-) and L. HEALTH OF LOCAL POPULATION The health problems caused by the iron smelting plant are inevitable. The emission of poisonous gases like nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, carbon monoxide etc poses a serious threat to the health of the people of Pequia. These gases can cause many problems like asthma, skin infection, damage to eyes and even cancer in some cases. Fine particles suspended in the air in the vicinity of the plant can cause respiratory problems to the workers. The area covered by air pollution will increase if the winds start blowing thus affecting even more population in the surrounding areas. The noise and vibrations caused by the heavy machinery can cause hearing problems if proper measures are not taken by the workers. Moreover, the mitigation measures like using tree belt as a sound barrier is not effective in case of such a large industry. The Pequia village is already facing problems regarding health due to contamination of the water which will be further aggravated due to disposal of waste water c ontaining fine ore and charcoal into the river. There will always be a danger of accident at the plant and it can cause unpredictable impact on the population surrounding it. Classification of impact: LT, R, D, (-) and L. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Due to the growing demand of the iron both the plants are designed to produce pig-iron for the steel plants and foundries. The initial estimate is to produce 50,000 tons per year with a future plan to expand it to 100,000 tons per year. The primary objective of the plants is to export the pig iron to the international market, with national steel plants consuming a great part of the production. This will help to improve the economy of the country and the boost the industrial development of the area. As stated in the document industrial development in the area is the major goal of the Federal Government and is a part of a collaborative effort by the Carajas railway and Carajas mining project. The plants will draw in some new industry in the surrounding area and help in creation of more jobs. But this proposal can be shifted to some other site where it will bring the same industrial development but will have less severe impacts on the local habitat and the environment. Classification of impact: LT, IR, D and ID, (+), L and R. INCREASE JOB DEMAND The development of the iron smelting plants in the area will create a large number of jobs for the local and the regional population and he people will be involved both directly and indirectly. According to the plan each plant will employ 200 workers from the village and specialized training will be given. It will help to improve the living standards of the population which otherwise earn their living by commerce of milk, small shops and some odd jobs. But this will not be a very significant impact compared to the above impacts because only a small section of the population will be employed. The majority of population will still deal with cattle farming and vegetation and these will be adversely affected by the industrial plants. Classification of impact: LT, D and ID, IR, (+), L and R. To conclude, the project will have severe adverse effects on the environment of the area and will degrade the air quality and the quality of water in the Pequia River. The emissions are more severe than what is predicted in the plan and measures taken are not adequate. Moreover, the proposal does not include any effective mitigation measures for the noise pollution control and waste material that will be added to the river. So, the plant should not come up at the proposed location and a new site should be proposed where it will have less severe environmental impacts.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay example -- Business Corporate So

Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a very controversial topic. A question that has been debated for the past few decades is; is it corporately viable to introduce social responsibility as a proposed addition to the work ethic of business organisations. As well as, if adopting the framework of corporate social responsibility would yield positive improvements for those organisations. The purpose of this essay is to research the notion of CSR and uncover its true framework and outline what social responsibility truly means to corporate organisations, and whether it should be seriously considered to be a legitimate addition to the corporate framework of an organisation. This will be done by outlining some of the basics through the explanation of some terms underpinning CSR and managerial involvement. An explanation of how CSR is an essential part of business language. This will then be followed by a breakdown of the complex framework that CSR is believed to have. The social expectations that consumers have of business, and ways those businesses can meet these expectations will be addressed. Then an outline of the role management plays in the incorporation of socially responsible attributes to a corporation will be expressed, evidence to suggest that ?if this means that there a social contract that requires business to honour a moral bare minimum, then a business manager is duty-bound to obey it? (Bowie 1991: 56-66). This essay shall also investigate some of the classical theories of CSR and its contribution to profit maximisation. Finally, some specific arguments that state that the introduction of social responsibility is not a good idea and how it has failed to create the ?good society? (Friedman 1970: 122-126) will be discussed. Corporate social responsibility has undergone a definitional evolution over the past half century but has always and will always remain an essential part of business language. Definitions of CSR have became more specific; since the 70?s, with alternative emphases, being placed on issues such as the understanding of corporate citizenship (which is a key concept of CSR), and the stakeholder theory. In early writings CSR was referred to more often as social responsibility (SR) rather than as CSR. Bowen (1953: 6) set forth an initial definition of the social responsibility: "It re... ...974. ?Social responsibilities of business managers?. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 17, pp. 135-143. McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D. 2001, ?Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective?, Academy of Management Review, vol 26, no. 1, pp 117-128. Mitchell, R., Agle, B., & Wood, D. 1997. ?Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts?. Academy of Management Review, vol. 22, pp. 853-886. Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. and Coulter, M. (2000) ?Management?, French?s Forest: Prentice Hall. Verschoor, C. (2001) ?Corporate Power Must Be Balanced With Good Citizenship?, Strategic Finance, vol. 83, no. 3. Waddock, S., & Graves, S. 1997. ?The corporate social performance--financial performance link?. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, pp. 303-319. Weigelt, K., & Camerer, C. 1988. ?Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and application?. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 9,pp. 443-454. Wright, P., & Ferris, S. 1997. ?Agency conflict and corporate strategy: The effect of divestment on corporate value?. Strategic management Journal, vol. 18, pp. 77-83.

Melancholy in Twelfth Night

Twelfth Night is the merriest of Shakespeare’s romantic comedies, it is also the saddest. The Christian associations of the title suggests the carpe diem theme which runs through the play. Epiphany, according to Christian mythology, is the time when the shepherds recognized the birth of Christ. The feast of epiphany is the last festival of the Christmas season, after which death takes over. This cycle of life is an extension of the ancient pagan fertility rituals. The mood is similar in Keats’s ‘To Autumn’, Hedge-crickets sing; and now with a treble soft The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. Only, Keats finds reassurance in the fact that swallows will return, but Shakespeare is concerned with the cessation of life which looms over the whole play. Here the recognition is of the transience of life, unlike in Cymbeline where the rediscovery of Perdita symbolises the rediscovery of one’s soul. Significan tly, Twelfth Night is the last of the romantic comedies. After this Shakespeare moves on to the tragedies and the problem plays – this is the last play where joy is not alloyed with problems of evil and anti-life.Everything that is subject to time is valueless, this was the medieval conception. Thus during the middle ages all human activity was directed towards God. Man was given little importance. Then with Renaissance came yet undiscovered knowledge. The new astronomical discoveries allowed man to explore the universe independent of the scriptures. With this was born man’s pride in being man in the mortal universe. And thus man became conscious of the beauty and transience of life. This removed the concept of life everlasting from the framework of eternity.This introduced the prominence of mortality. The dance of death was now more feared than ever. New questions about human existence took form. Comedy seeks to find answers, a meaning of life; yet Shakespeare present s a frail shadowy background to his actions. One of the main governing thoughts in Twelfth Night is the fragility of life. This is the play of youth, almost all the characters are young, and this generates the sadness. Shakespeare asks all to enjoy fleeting life, make the most of the twelve days, scorning the Malvolios.A pattern emerges from all this lot which gives life some meaning. Twelfth Night, despite all its laughter, seems to play upon the keys of loss, affliction and deep bewilderment, which sounds through the gentle beauty of the romance convention and the festive humour. The bonded family words – father, brother, sister – signifies absence, loss of security and a longing. It is this sense of irreparable loss, and the mild apprehension that all this might prove to be a dream provides the poignant dream-like feeling which pervades the play.The loss is internal as well as external. The recognition of one’s self is a dominant theme, and almost all charact ers are haunted by this and hunt for their selves as well as their lost loves. Orsino’s languorously insatiable desire for love and ‘food of love’ in the first scene presents a parodic statement of the omnipresent sense of want. The hunting pun serves to express the search which is already begun. Nevertheless, Orsino’s words set the mood of the play, which, even through all the ‘caterwauling’ of the kitchen group, never fades. Orsino saysThat strain again, it had a dying fall: O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet sound That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odour Orsino’s appetite is soon satiated. The music loses its appeal and his love for love becomes evident. Even the hunting image takes on contemporary significance – Diana becomes the naked truth which makes Acteon wild. This is a parody of Petrarchan conceits and it is fittingly given to Orsino, who, like all in Illyria, is in a state of illusion. Accord ing to Plato’s Symposium love is a hole, an absence longing to be filled.So Twelfth Night is a play of pining: Orsino for Olivia, Olivia for Viola, Viola for Orsino, and comically Sir Andrew and Malvolio for Olivia. This emphasis on pining invokes the classical myth of Narcissus and Echo, and makes a narcissistic triad of self enclosed loneliness. Each of them playing simultaneously Narcissus and Echo with respect to others. They seek their own reflections in the other’s face and own echo in the other’s voice. But more melancholy than this ‘love-sorrow’ is the separation of loved ones by real or apparent death. This again can be traced to the sense of romantic lack as embodied in this state of primary loss.Nearly all characters bear traces of such loss – from the father-brother loss which provides similar traumatic experiences for Viola and Olivia, down to the farcical yet nostalgic exclamation of Sir Andrew: ‘I was adored once, too. â €™ While Viola’s sorrow is genuine, Olivia’s vow to keep her face veiled for seven years seems more like a ploy to ward off Orsino’s unwanted advances. Otherwise her whole behaviour is comically excessive in place of being melancholy. Seven years in black violates the Elizabethan mourning etiquette which prescribed a period of one year for a brother.Olivia closely parallels Orsino – both in her reclusiveness more alleged than borne out – and as a willing victim of introspective melancholia. Olivia’s unnamed brother fades from the surface of the play. But his spirit continues to haunt. For no sooner has the theme of brother loss been sounded in the minor key than it recurs in the major. The ‘eye-offending brine’ of tears gives way to the sea. Olivia’s brother fades into Viola’s. In a drama greatly concerned with wholeness of identity, the twinned heroines are each presented as halves of a pairing, cloven away fr om the male counterpart with whom she started life.In Jungian terms, when Viola assumes the male disguise, it is as if she recapitulates in her own person the lost other, dressing exactly like Sebastian, and as if Olivia also locates her own in Viola. Herein lies the fact that both of them are in an illusory world, it is only the presence of Sebastian which allows a happy resolution, otherwise the imminent result was definitely tragic. There might be an autobiographical element in this brother-sister separation theme. Shakespeare himself was the father of boy-girl twins of whom the boy died before the composition of this play.The twins were eleven and half years old when death separated them. Shakespeare must have felt at heart the wistful sadness in the eyes of Judith the surviving child, which he endowed to viola. Twelfth Night contains a calm, loving elegy, and a myth of rebirth. It feigns that Hamnet, the boy twin, is not dead, but lingers in the unknown, washed up on the shores of Illyria, the land of illusion and lyricism. Prove true, imagination, O prove true This is not only Viola’s, but also Shakespeare’s heartfelt cry. Thus Viola’s sadness resounds with a new meaning. Her exclamation at her entry is,And what should I do in Illyria? My brother he is in Elysium. Her brother comes back to her, but Hamnet does not. Unlike Sebastian, Viola controls herself and centres her thoughts on immediate problems. Her wit allows her to obtain a shelter in an alien and unfriendly world. But her wit also has a touch of the autumnal – in keeping with the autumnal note of the play. And even in her sorrow she can sympathise with others. She understands Olivia’s plots instantly in place of scorn, shows tender understanding, she says, Alas, our frailty is the cause, not we, For such as we are made of, such we be.Her identification with Olivia is appropriate in more ways than one – not only both of them are lovesick, but also they l ong for a brother figure. But Viola’s pathos is more touching. She has to bear messages to her rival from the man she loves. This she does without a murmur and with all sincerity. Her praise of Orsino comes straight from her heart. She is pained to the extreme, and almost reveals herself when Orsino calls women less faithful and lacking in depth of emotion. She tells the Duke: My father had a daughter lov’d a man, As it might be perhaps, were I a woman, I should your lordship.Thus secretly professing her love. But her suppressed agony is felt when she tells Orsino the supposed ending of her non-existent sister’s love whose history was, she tells Orsino, A blank, my lord: she never told her love For she never expects to have Orsino and she dares not aspire to the impossible. As when her brother’s name is mentioned she fears to hope for the best. Shakespeare saves the play from ending in total disaster by bringing in Sebastian and thus allowing Viola to hav e a happy end, in an union with Orsino. In the first scene orsino begins with an imagery of flowers.And the scene ends with flowers: Away before me to sweet beds of flowers! Love-thoughts lie rich when canopied with bowers. The image of flowers comes again and again throughout the play. Flowers symbolise transience – momentary beauty, something that does not last. So Feste tells Olivia: As there is no true cuckold but calamity, so beauty’s a flower. Reminding her that times are never always bad, thus to keep on mourning for something that is past is to waste precious time and no one has world enough and time. Orsino talks about woman’s beauty, asking Cesario to fall in love with some woman younger than he,For women are as roses, whose fair flower Being once display'd, doth fall that very hour. Viola has to agree. She admits that death comes when one has just reached perfection. Speaking not only for women but for all mankind. The flower imagery stresses the carp e-diem theme of the play – cease the day before it ends. This theme is also propagated through the music of the play. In Twelfth Night music plays a vital role, establishing the tone of the play. Through music the emotive basis of human existence is emphasised, which is to be felt rather than perceived cerebrally.There is rare music in Viola. She does not sing, but her words carry poetic inspiration. She echoes Shakespeare’s sonnets when she tells Olivia: Lady, you are the cruell'st she alive If you will lead these graces to the grave And leave the world no copy. Like the early marriage sonnets the theme here is of beauty perpetuated through marriage. But the character who is full of music and is truly melancholy, though not in his attitude or expression, is Feste. Feste is the first true fool of Shakespeare's plays. One of the functions of the clown is to sing. He sings to Toby and Andrew:What is love? ‘Tis not hereafter, Present mirth hath present laughter: Wha ts to come is still unsure. In delay there lies no plenty, Then come kiss me sweet and twenty: Youth’s a stuff will not endure. The fragility of youth and shadow of death – this is in line with the play’s theme and mood and also Feste’s character. His other song, which he sings to please Orsino, is equally sad, Come away, come away death, And in sad cypress let me be laid. Fie away, fie away breath, I am slain by a fair cruel maid. This song continues to reveal Feste’s own bleak future.He is outside the action, an objective onlooker. There is no involvement. He is poor, has no security. He begs to acquire money. For a man of his intellectual capacities this must be disgusting. He has no past, no future and no considerable present. He is a relic of the past, from Olivia’s father’s time. He is constantly threatened with discharge which is as bad as hanging for him. But he lets summer bear it out. Only his song betray his state. Thus in his songs the thought of hereafter is subordinated. In the final scene everyone leaves except Feste, who stays to give the audience a song.A song in which he is transformed from the character to the actor. His final song marks the ending of the play, the ending of the twelfth night. Death’s reign starts from the next day. Feste’s song is nostalgic, he recalls when folly was not as unacceptable or threatening. He also gives a cynical view of marriage as an unwanted responsibility. This casts an oblique perspective on the centrality of marriage in the play as a symbol of concord and resolution. A great while ago the world begun, With hey, ho, the wind and the rain, But that's all one, our play is done, And we'll strive to please you everyday. That’s all one’ signifies from one perspective that since nothing is really important enough to worry about, pleasure and folly are the only activities worth undertaking. From another, similar, perspective the phrase c an be read as hopeless, despairing resignation, pleasure and folly are doomed attempts to escape from an intolerable consciousness of futility. In ‘our play is done’, it is more about the innocent activities than about the play itself. It is a nostalgic recognition of the post innocence state. Feste’s song probably takes place on a dark, empty, silent stage, encapsulating Feste’s loneliness.His life is really as empty. He is as much an outcast as Malvolio, only he is not embittered. He is the artist. Isolated, presenting life, but not belonging to it. His song is a very cynical comment on human existence. To Feste the world does seem like †¦ a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. The song is a reminder of the theme of the play – youth and its subjection to time. The question which arises is whether this kind of existence is worth the strife. With this question the curtain descends on Shakespeare’s romantic w orld.The final song, which brings together all the melancholy passages in the play, leaves a yearning in the reader’s mind. A tinge of sadness which fills the heart and leaves a deep impression, is given to the whole play. This song marks a turning point in the world of Shakespearean drama. The playful attitude is done, now it is time for serious businesses of life, which involves the greatest of calamities. Perhaps at the moment Shakespeare himself identified with Feste. He who even with his immeasurable height of mind had to be the public’s jester and servant. Perhaps for an idle moment he wondered, if all this is worth the complications or not.

Why we should go to war with Iraq!

Why we should go to war with Iraq! To those who believe President Bush is a warmonger, singling-out North Korea and Iraq for his own self-serving political agenda; to those who believe that we should "give peace a chance"; I have but one thing to say: "WAKE UP!"What did you expect the United States to do after the twin towers and Pentagon were attacked? Write up a treaty for the Taliban? Beg bin Laden for mercy? The fact is that terrorists and the countries that support them, will not abide by political documents.When al-Qaeda murdered our citizens with no remorse, it was a reminder that diplomacy only works for countries... countries that are willing to change.Terrorists have no regard for our lives (or theirs). If you think that our government doesn't consider the ramifications of the use of force, you don't realize what we're truly fighting for. It's freedom, not oil.Listen for a second.English: Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden fo...What do you hear? Explosions? No. When was the last time your city was bombed ? When was the last time that you had to fear for your life? The U.S. projects its political power through force to protect you here at home, so your life isn't full of tragedy.Fighting fire with fire suppressing killing with more killing may seem immoral, but those who have compromised our lives obviously are not moral beings. Besides, what's immoral about protecting ourselves?To say that war does no good is to negate the very reason that thousands have died in the past. Those who fought for this country's freedoms had so much faith in this nation; they put you and your family and the future of America before their own lives.You may think that the solution is simple, that we can keep peace by being a global recluse. But...

mine, cattle, farm out west essays

mine, cattle, farm out west essays Mining, cattle raising, and farming are the three key movements that allowed Americans to conquer and settle the land in the West. Mining, and the lure of instant wealth from finding gold, made people flock to the West seeking over-night riches. Cattle raising created local food supply, alternative jobs for failed miners, and reasons for extending the railroads out West (to transport the cattle). Farming set up a constant food source (as opposed to the fluctuating amounts of cattle), and homesteads in the West, thus forming the first permanent communities. These three factors developed the once vast and open territories of the West into townships and even further, into true states. Mining, cattle raising, and farming molded our Western front. The most important step in claiming and settling land is occupying it. Mining was the perfect bait to real in Easterners. Rumors about newfound gold such as Pikes Peak and the Comstock Lode, whether true or not, gathered crowds by the hundreds all trying to get their piece of the pie. Gold mining gave hope to failed business men, freed blacks, young men, veterans from the Civil War, and others alike the chance to start over and possibly change their lives overnight. After all the loose gold on the surface had been swept up by individuals corporations took over with expensive machinery to dig into the earth and break through the rock. This set up steady business, meaning steady employment, meaning long-term living accommodations. Miners working for these corporations set up the first townships. But these towns and mining sites only took up a very small amount of the available land. The prairies and vast fields accounted for a large area of the Western territory. Wild herds of cattle roamed freely on this land, and so did the cowboy. Men, or cowboys as we refer to them today, began herding the wild cattle and transporting them to the East by train. The cowboys d...

Analysis of othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of othello - Essay Example In order to make the paper more clear and easy to understand, I will start by giving a brief biography of the author. What is rather interesting is that nobody knows Shakespeare's true birthday. The closest date the bibliographers came up with is the day of his baptism on April the 26th, 1564. Traditionally, a child is baptized three days after his birth, thus we may assume William to have been born on April the 23rd. There are only two portraits of William at present, the engraving by Martin Droeshout and the monument in Stratford's Holy Trinity Church in Stratford. William married when he was 18 to Anne Hathaway who was much older. The couple had eight children who later inherited Shakespeare's wealth (William Shakespeare Facts). Shakespeare started writing at the age of 29, composing the first of his 154 sonnets Venus and Adonis in 1593. His last play The Two Noble Kinsmen was written in 1613 when he was 49 years old. The dramatist died in 1616 at the age of 52. It is remarkable that he had composed on average 1.5 plays a year since he first started in 1589 (William Shakespeare Facts). As I have mentioned earlier, in my paper I will give a literary analysis of the Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, before starting to analyze the main characters that are: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona, I would like to present a brief summary of the play. The main purpose of Shakespeare in tragedy Othello is to produce a mood that defies a way a person perceives his/herself and the world. The play thoroughly develops such subjects as racism, chauvinism, jealousy, love, hatred, enviously, arrogance, and fraud. Shakespeare begins Othello, presenting a story about a black general, Othello, who falls in love with and later marries, Desdemona, a young white daughter of a Venice politician. Being a general, Othello appoints Cassio to be chief lieutenant, unintentionally creating an enemy in face of Iago who thinks he is more liable for the position. Being in rage, Iago develops a plan to destroy both Cassio and the gullible Othello, who considers Iago to be a reliable and honorable friend and companion. To begin with, Iago does everything in order to cause the dismissal of Cassio from his position. Later in the tragedy Iago directs all his efforts to ruining the life of Othello. Knowing Othello's naivety and being familiar with his weak sides, Iago hints Othello that his wife, Desdemona, has engaged in relations with Cassio. At first Othello is unwilling to believe Iago's accusations, though Iago manages to confirm his words when, with the help of machinations, Desdemona's handkerchief is found in Cassio's possession. Being temperamental by nature, Othello enrages and throttles Desdemona. Emilia, Iago's wife, finds out about her husband's crafty designs and reveals them to Othello. Othello, realizing his horrifying and uncorrectable mistake, and commits suicide.

Journalistic Contributions of Horace Greeley Essay

Journalistic Contributions of Horace Greeley - Essay Example Greeley's editorial and journalistic talent coupled with his political activity (he actively supported the Whig party) contributed to the success of the edition. In 1940 Horace Greeley became the head of the campaign weekly, the Log Cabin and contributed to William Henry Harrison's victory in presidential elections. Only having got the experience, increasing authority and a large audience, Horace Greeley founded the newspaper that became the most read edition in the southern states, the New York Tribune. It covered such fields as politics, social reforms and news. Via this newspaper Horace Greeley spread the communitarian ideas of Fourier, defended homestead principle of distributing free government land to settlers and other agrarian reforms and attacked the exploitation of wage labour. Sympathizing to settlers Greeley advised to "Go West, young man" (notwithstanding the fact that this phrase was initially written by John Soul in the Terre Haute Express in 1851, it is usually attributed to Greeley). Being sincere in his political views Horace Greeley founded a real tribune from which he could propagate his political ideas and convictions. In a shot period of time the daily circulation of the newspaper grew up to ten thousand in 1841 and to 300 thousand in 1861 (one should take into account that a newspaper was often read by a dozen of readers at the time). The historian Allan Nevins explains the enormous success of The Tribune: "The Tribune set a new standard in American journalism by its combination of energy in news gathering with good taste, high moral standards, and intellectual appeal. Police reports, scandals, dubious medical advertisements, and flippant personalities were barred from its pages; the editorials were vigorous but usually temperate; the political news was the most exact in the city; book reviews and book-extracts were numerous; and as an inveterate lecturer Greeley gave generous space to lectures. The paper appealed to substantial and thoughtful people." He continued to oppose the exploitation of wage labour, criticized monopolies and advocated the abolition of capital punishment. The articles and editorials Greeley wrote reflected the strategies of political flows he supported. In general all his professional activity was extremely influenced by his background and his current political views. And this sincere and strong belief in the right of his ideas made his journalistic style sharp, open and pathetic. His editorials were often reprinted by smaller newspapers. Opposing slavery, Horace Greeley was interested in feminist and socialist ideas as well. He maintained contact with Karl Marx, who being in London wrote the articles for the Tribune. Greeley called him "an instructive source of information". Having joined the Radical Party, Greeley supported Lincoln. When the war he took the Radical Republican position and criticized Lincoln's hesitating political course, his incapability to make the slavery the principal issue of the war, digression of the main political course in favour of moral principles. On 19th August, 1862 Greeley wrote an open letter to the president, and published it in the Tribune. In this famous and bold letter Greeley expressed a strong disappointment in